A Survey of Transformers and Large Language Models for ECG Diagnosis: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions

Artificial Intelligence Review, 2025

Mohammed Yusuf Ansari, Yaqoob Ansari, Mohammed Ishaq, Eduardo Feo-Flushing, Iffa Afsa Changaai Mangalote, Sarada Prasad Dakua, Omar Aboumarzouk, Raffaella Righetti, Marwa Qaraqe

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This survey reviews transformer and large language model approaches for electrocardiogram (ECG) diagnosis, covering methodological advances, benchmark trends, practical limitations, and open challenges for clinical deployment.